INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
The Indus Valley Civilization was a period of time in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, which is presently located in some areas of India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. In all the cultures of this period, the Indus civilization was in the most developed, elaborates and advanced state. It is also called harappan civilization, because in relation to this culture, first from the place called Harappa in 1921 AD. Indus civilization was born between civilization compatibility, whose knowledge is done by excavation and research. Indus civilization was a civil civilization, because its archaeological remains receive elements of transport, trade, technical, production, and planned city system.
One of the ancient river valley civilizations
of the world was a major civilization. It is also known as the Harappan
civilization and the Indus-Saraswati civilization. About 79 years ago,
residents of 'Haryana' located in 'Mantangomari district' of 'Western Punjab
province' of Pakistan probably did not even have the slightest impression that
they were able to use so many bricks that were buried in nearby lands. Are
continuously constructing their houses, it is not any ordinary brick, but
remains of approximately 5,000 years old and fully developed civilization. This
happened to him when the 'John William Bruntam' in 1856 started excavating
these Khakharahs of the supply of bricks to cover the railway line from Karachi
to Lahore. During the excavation only the first remains of this civilization
were received, which was named the name of this civilization 'Harappa
civilization'.
The geographical expanse of Indus civilization
ranged from Kashmir (Manda) in the north to the Narmada River in the south and
from Sutkagandor in the west to Alamgirpur (Meerut) in the east.
Geographic
Expansion of Indus Valley Civilization
1. Early Harappan civilization (3500 BC - 2350
BC)
2. Mature Harappan Civilization (2350 BC - 1750
BC)
3. North Harappa Civilization (Ahead of 1750
B.C.)
The Indus civilization was spread over a vast
area, in which Sindh, Punjab was the region head of the Ghagghar River. Most
Sandwali settlements were in this area. In these areas symmetry is found. The
nature of civilization was fully developed and urban. The means of business,
transport, animal husbandry, technical and production is an indicator of the
superiority of this civilization.
Important places of Indus Valley
Civilization
Harappa
At present, Harappan comes to the Montgomery
region of Punjab province of Punjab, it is situated on the banks of river Ravi.
Daya Ram Sahni, first of all, excavated this place in 1921 AD. A lot of things
have been received in Harappa, such as 6 food grains, pots made from sugar mud,
shivling, copper items etc.
Mohenjo-Daro
Mohenjo-Daro is currently located in the
Larkana region of Pakistan's Sindh province; it is situated on the banks of the
Indus River. It was first excavated by Rakkal Das Banerjee in 1922. Mohenjo-Daro
has a huge bathhouse, ananagar, etc. The seal of Pashupatinath, the bronze
statue of the dancer, statue of a person made of steatite, statue of goddess
made of sugar mud, 2 seals of Mesopotamia etc. have been received.
Chunhudo
Chanhudo is located on the bank of the Sind River
in Pakistan's Nawabshah region of Sindh province. It was first discovered by
McKay in 1925 AD. This place is related to people working in metal, people
working in the bead. The marks of dog claws have been found on a brick here.
The figure of bullock carpet made from terracotta has also been received from
Chanhudaro.
Lothal
Lothal is located on the banks of Bhogava river
in Kathiawar area of Gujarat. It was first discovered by S R Rao in 1954.
Lothal is a major port of Indus Valley civilization. Lothal received important
things like horse-shaped horse and sea-shaped terracotta, Iranian seal,
Bahrain's seal.
Kalibanga
Kalibanga is situated on the banks of Ghaggar
river in Hanumangarh, Rajasthan. Evidence of land raised by Hull was found in
Kalibanga. Along with this, toy bullock cart wheels and mesopatomic stamps have
also been received in Kalibanga.https://skyflyworld.blogspot.com/
Banwali
Banwali is situated on the banks of river
Ghaggar in Hissar, Haryana, it was first discovered by RS Bishat in 1973.
Sculptures made in Banwali and drainage system, toy hull and goddess ceramic
have been obtained.
Dholavira
Dholavira is situated on the banks of Luni
river in Kutch of Gujarat. Evidence of the presence of water collection system
in Dholavira is also found. There was also a large playground, well and
zalaash.
Surkodha
Horse residues and elliptic tomb have been
found in Surkotada.
The Place
|
Name of Rivers
|
Year of excavation
|
Excavator
|
Present situation
|
Harappa
|
Ravi
|
1921
|
Dayaram Sahni and Madhumogita Vatsa
|
West Punjab's Montgomery District (Pakistan)
|
Mohenjo-Daro
|
Indus
|
1922
|
RD banerjee
|
Larkana district of Sindh province (Pakistan)
|
Silhouette
|
Indus
|
1931
|
Gopal majumdar
|
Sindh Prefecture (Pakistan)
|
Kalibanga
|
Ghagghar
|
1953
|
B.B.Lal and B.K. Thapar
|
Hanumangarh District of Rajasthan (India)
|
Kotadi
|
Indus
|
1953
|
Fazal Ahmed
|
Sindh Prant's Khairpur (Pakistan)
|
Rangpur
|
Measure
|
1953-54
|
Ranganath Rao
|
Kathiawar region of Gujarat (India)
|
Ropar
|
Sutlej
|
1953-56
|
Yajnadatta Sharma
|
Ropar district of Punjab (India)
|
Lothal
|
Bhogawa
|
1955 to 1962
|
Ranganath Rao
|
Ahmadabad district of Gujarat (India)
|
Alamgirpur
|
Hindan
|
1958
|
Yajnadatta Sharma
|
Uttar Pradesh's Meerut District (India)
|
Bunavali
|
Rangoai
|
1974
|
Ravindranath vishta
|
Hissar district of Haryana (India)
|
Dholawira
|
-----
|
1990-91
|
Ravindranath vishta
|
Kutch District of Gujarat (India)
|
Trade in Indus Valley Civilization
The trading of Indus Valley Civilization was
mainly with Mesopotamia or Sumeria (currently Iraq) and Bahrain.
Import
Gold was imported from Kolar (Karnataka),
Afghanistan and Iran.
Silver was imported from Afghanistan, Iran and
southern India.
Copper was imported from Khetri (Rajasthan) and
Balochistan.
Export
People from Sindhu Valley civilization were
mainly exported goods made from agricultural products, cotton, taracotta made
of beads, bead, copper and ivory.
Religious Life is Indus Valley Civilization
Indus society can be called as the worshiper of
the mother goddess due to the female monuments and marking of female figures on
seals received from a large number from the Indus Civilization. An idol
obtained from Harappa showing the plant coming out of her womb, is said to be
the mother goddess or the goddess of fertility.
In addition to the ravi, a seal received from
Mohan Jodar, on which a yogi is sitting in the Padmashan posture of yoga and on
the right side of which cheetah and elephant and the rhinoceros and chestnuts
on the left are called Pashupati or Rudra Deity. The huge bathrobe used to be
used in religious rituals and sun worship. On the basis of the evidence of Agni
Kunda received from Kalibanga, it can be said that fire, dog etc. was
worshiped. Based on the realization of the talisman, the belief in magic and
some seals are also assumed to be based on the visual notation of sacrificial
practice.
1. Complete flooding: bury the whole body
in the ground. This was the most popular method.
2. Partial salvage: bury after some parts
of the body are destroyed.
3. Kalash pulse: To burn the dead body
and keep the ashes in a barn and bury it.
Social Life of Indus Valley Civilization
A large number of women and women from
excavation indicate that probably the Indus Civilization Society was the
mainstay of matrilineal and social system. Harappas were aware of fashion.
Jewelry also used to wear men, both men and women used to have large hair and
there were innumerable ways to make hair. Women used vermilion and lipstick.
Sandhavas used to eat both vegetarian and non-vegetarian food. The main food
crops were wheat, barley, rice, sesame, mustard, pulses etc. Sandwiches also
used sheep, goats, snorkers, poultry and fish.
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